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Issue #21/2017 25 May 2017

New This Week Case(s) of the Week DIRECTOR OF FORESTS, SARAWAK & ANOR v. RACHA URUD & ORS AND OTHER APPEALS [2017] 5 CLJ 389 GHAZALI MAT & YANG LAIN lwn. PENGARAH TANAH DAN GALIAN NEGERI TERENGGANU & SATU LAGI [2017] 5 CLJ 265 Latest Cases Legal Network Series CLJ 2017 Volume 5 (Part 3) CLJ 2017 Volume 5 (Part 4) Articles LNS Article(s) Legislation Highlights Principal Acts Amending Acts PU(A) PU(B) Legislation Alert

DIRECTOR OF FORESTS, SARAWAK & ANOR v.
RACHA URUD & ORS AND OTHER APPEALS [2017] 5 CLJ 389
FEDERAL COURT, PUTRAJAYA
ARIFIN ZAKARIA CJ, HASAN LAH FCJ, ABU SAMAH NORDIN FCJ, AZAHAR MOHAMED FCJ, BALIA YUSOF WAHI FCJ
[CIVIL APPEALS No: 01-29-04-2015(Q), 01-28-04-2015(Q), 01-38-04-2015(Q),01-39-06-2015(Q) & 01-43-06-2015(Q)]
15 MARCH 2017

LAND LAW: Customary land – Native customary rights – Basis for rights and claims – Whether based on continuous occupation of land – Whether concept of continuous occupation an integral feature of native customary rights in Sarawak

LAND LAW: Customary land – Native customary rights – Abandonment of rights – Plaintiffs left ancestral lands and migrated to new settlement – No evidence of plaintiffs returning to lands after resettlement – Whether there was 'non-user' and abandonment of land

LAND LAW: Customary land – Native customary rights, claim for – Limitation – Logging activities on purported customary lands – Action filed 40 years after plaintiffs left ancestral lands and resettled elsewhere and 20 years after logging activities on land – Whether rights to land abandoned – Whether action time-barred – Public Authorities Protection Act 1948, s. 2 – Limitation Ordinance (Cap 49) Sarawak, item 96

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GHAZALI MAT & YANG LAIN lwn.
PENGARAH TANAH DAN GALIAN NEGERI TERENGGANU & SATU LAGI [2017] 5 CLJ 265
MAHKAMAH RAYUAN, PUTRAJAYA
MOHD ZAWAWI SALLEH HMR; VERNON ONG LAM KIAT HMR; ABDUL RAHMAN SEBLI HMR
[RAYUAN SIVIL NO: T-01(NCVC)(W)-287-08-2015]
12 JANUARI 2017

UNDANG-UNDANG TANAH: Hak milik – Pemberi milikan Tanah Kerajaan Negeri – Plaintif-plaintif dipilih menyertai rancangan penempatan berkelompok yang dimajukan dan ditadbir Felcra – Plaintif-plaintif diberi tanah untuk penanaman kelapa sawit – Plaintif-plaintif diberi tanah di rancangan lain sebagai ganti tanah rancangan asal bagi membolehkan penanaman semula – Sama ada plaintif-plaintif mempunyai hak atas tanah Kerajaan yang diwartakan sebagai Rancangan Pembangunan Persekutuan – Sama ada Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan Negeri mempunyai kuasa tersirat membatalkan pemberian hak milik – Sama ada plaintif-plaintif berhak diberi peluang untuk representasi dan didengar sebelum keputusan dibuat – Akta Tanah (Kawasan Penempatan Berkelompok) 1960, ss. 10(1)(b), 12 

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Legal Network Series

[2016] 1 LNS 601	ONG WEI CHEN lwn. SIM KAI CHUN	UNDANG-UNDANG KELUARGA: Harta matrimoni - Pembahagian harta - Harta dibeli atas nama bersama - Usaha sama - Pinjaman untuk membiayai pembelian rumah dibuat oleh pempetisyen isteri - Responden suami menyumbang wang kepada pempetisyen isteri - Pihak-pihak tidak dikurniakan anak - Sama ada harta perkahwinan dibeli secara usaha sama - Sama ada harta matrimoni wajar dibahagi sama rata - Akta Membaharui Undang-Undang (Perkahwinan & Penceraian) 1976, s. 76(1) & 76(2)
[2016] 1 LNS 602	PER: S RAJASURIAH SELLADURAI; EX PARTE: GEETHA SATYA NAND	UNDANG-UNDANG KELUARGA: Penceraian - Dekri nisi - Permohonan pindaan perintah dekri nisi - Kegagalan mematuhi perintah dekri nisi dan perjanjian perpisahan - Kegagalan membayar nafkah anak sepenuhnya - Sama ada terdapat keingkaran dalam pembayaran nafkah anak - Sama ada tuntutan tunggakan nafkah telah diakui - Sama ada wujud perubahan material selepas perintah dekri nisi dimuktamadkan yang mewajarkan pindaan - Sama ada permohonan adalah betul dan teratur
[2016] 1 LNS 605	PP lwn. KIRUPANATHAN TANGARAJA & YANG LAIN	UNDANG-UNDANG JENAYAH: Dadah berbahaya - Pengedaran - Tertuduh berurusan secara langsung dengan agen provocateur - Tertuduh terlibat dalam penetapan syarat-syarat jualan dadah - Tertuduh menyerahkan sendiri bungkusan yang mengandungi dadah kepada agen provocateur - Sama ada tertuduh mempunyai niat untuk memperedarkan dadah melalui jualan kepada agen provocateur - Sama ada tertuduh mempunyai jagaan, kawalan dan pengawasan terhadap dadah sebelum tangkapan - Sama ada tertuduh mempunyai pengetahuan berkenaan dadah KETERANGAN: Agen provocateur - Sokongan - Sama ada keterangan agen provocateur memerlukan keterangan sokongan yang lain KANUN KESEKSAAN: Niat bersama - Pengedaran - Dadah berbahaya - Tertuduh tidak ditangkap di tempat kejadian - Tertuduh tidak terlibat dalam urusan jual beli dadah - Tertuduh terlibat dalam perbincangan dengan agen provocateur dan pengedar dadah yang sebenar - Sama ada niat bersama telah dibuktikan
[2016] 1 LNS 699	LIM CHEE CHYN & ORS v. PP	CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: Revision - Remand proceedings - Application to review remand order - Extension of remand order - Crime involving many suspects - Whether there were sufficient grounds to detain suspect further to facilitate police investigation - Whether ground given by investigating officer was justified to allow for further extension - Whether court satisfied that time needed by police to complete their investigation - Whether release of suspects would jeopardise police investigations
[2016] 1 LNS 895	PERBADANANAN PENGURUSAN INARA v. JANICE CHIA JHET	LAND LAW: Strata title - Management corporation - Responsibility of management corporation - Whether management corporation had responsibility to ensure common property shared equally by all residents TORT: Nuisance - Damages - Claim for indemnity and contribution - Claim for indemnity and contribution by management corporation - Damage, nuisance and inconvenience caused to a unit owner as a result of renovation carried out by another unit owner - Just and equitable - Whether management corporation solely liable for damages - Whether management corporation's claim for contribution ought to be allowed

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CLJ 2017 Volume 5 (Part 3)

COURT OF APPEAL

Ghazali Mat & Yang Lain lwn. Pengarah Tanah Dan Galian Negeri Terengganu & Satu Lagi
Mohd Zawawi Salleh, Vernon Ong Lam Kiat, Abdul Rahman Sebli HHMR
(Undang-undang Tanah - Pemberi milikan Tanah Kerajaan Negeri - Sama ada Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan Negeri mempunyai kuasa tersirat membatalkan pemberian hak milik) [2017] 5 CLJ 265 [CA]

Ketua Pengarah Hasil Dalam Negeri v. Mudah.my Sdn Bhd
Mohd Zawawi Salleh, Idrus Harun, Abdul Rahman Sebli JJCA
(Administrative Law - Judicial review - Certiorari - Application to quash decisions made by Director General of Inland Revenue - Whether findings stated in letter final and conclusive) [2017] 5 CLJ 283 [CA]

Tesco Stores (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd v. Ananda Kumar Krishnan
David Wong Dak Wah, Hamid Sultan Abu Backer, Umi Kalthum Abdul Majid JJCA
(Civil Procedure - Garnishee proceeding - Whether there were debts due and owing to judgment debtor from garnishee - Whether culminated in garnishment order nisi) [2017] 5 CLJ 315 [CA]

Pengarah Hospital Gua Musang & Ors v. Abdullah Mat
Lim Yee Lan, Varghese George, Nallini Pathmanathan JJCA
(Tort - Medical negligence - Patient received blood transfusions at hospital and confirmed to be HIV-positive - Whether necessary measures taken to ensure that blood used in deceased's blood transfusion was safe and HIV-free) [2017] 5 CLJ 335 [CA]

HIGH COURT

Ananda Kumar Krishnan lwn. Ng Chin Tai (Berniaga Dengan Cara Dan Gaya Lean Seh Fishery) & Satu Lagi
Nordin Hassan PK
(Prosedur Sivil - Permohonan perintah penangguhan pelaksanaan penghakiman - Sama ada terdapat keadaan khas mewajarkan penggantungan pelaksanaan penghakiman) [2017] 5 CLJ 356 [HC]

Ananda Kumar Krishnan v. Ng Chin Tai (Trading In The Name And Style Of Lean Seh Fishery) & Anor; Tesco Stores (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd (Garnishee)
Abdul Wahab Mohamed JC
(Civil Procedure - Application to stay execution proceedings of garnishee order - Factors considered - Whether there were special circumstances - Whether refusal of stay would put defendant at risk) [2017] 5 CLJ 364 [HC]

BYD Auto Industry Company Ltd v. Amdac (M) Sdn Bhd
Noorin Badaruddin JC
(Civil Procedure - Contempt of court - Committal proceedings - Failure to make payment stated in order) [2017] 5 CLJ 371 [HC]

SUBJECT INDEX

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Judicial review - Certiorari - Application to quash decisions made by Director General of Inland Revenue ('DG') in letter of findings following field audit conducted at company's premises - Whether findings stated in letter final and conclusive - Whether decision amenable to judicial review - Whether application prematurely filed - Appropriate route of appeal and proper forum - Whether there was specific remedy in form of appeal process before Special Commissioners of Income Tax - Failure to comply with provisions of s. 109H(1) of Income Tax Act 1967 - Whether special or exceptional circumstances arose - Whether application abuse of court process - Rules of Court 2012, O. 53 r. 3
Ketua Pengarah Hasil Dalam Negeri v. Mudah.my Sdn Bhd
(Mohd Zawawi Salleh, Idrus Harun, Abdul Rahman Sebli JJCA) [2017] 5 CLJ 283 [CA]

CIVIL PROCEDURE

Contempt of court - Committal proceedings - Application for - Failure to make payment stated in order - Whether respondent breached order by refusing to act within prescribed period - Whether respondent's financial impecuniosity a defence to breach of order - Failure to disclose full value of all assets owned - Whether there was wilful neglect to do so - Whether order of committal warranted - Whether imprisonment sentence ought to be imposed against contemnors as directors of respondent - Whether heavy fine would serve as sufficient deterrent sentence
BYD Auto Industry Company Ltd v. Amdac (M) Sdn Bhd
(Noorin Badaruddin JC) [2017] 5 CLJ 371 [HC]

Execution - Garnishee proceeding - Appeal against - Whether there were debts due and owing to judgment debtor from garnishee - Whether culminated in garnishment order nisi - Whether debt in existence at date of attachment - Whether order nisi operated to bind garnishee - Whether trial court failed to take into consideration relevant matters - Whether proper case for appellate intervention - Rules of Court 2012, O. 49
Tesco Stores (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd v. Ananda Kumar Krishnan
(David Wong Dak Wah, Hamid Sultan Abu Backer, Umi Kalthum Abdul Majid JJCA) [2017] 5 CLJ 315 [CA]

Judgments and orders - Garnishee order - Application to stay execution proceedings of garnishee order - Factors considered - Financial position of plaintiff - Whether plaintiff able to refund amount payable under garnishee absolute order - Whether there were special circumstances - Whether there was contractual relationship between parties - Whether refusal of stay would put defendant at risk - Whether application ought to be allowed
Ananda Kumar Krishnan v. Ng Chin Tai (Trading In The Name And Style Of Lean Seh Fishery) & Anor; Tesco Stores (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd (Garnishee)
(Abdul Wahab Mohamed JC) [2017] 5 CLJ 364 [HC]

Stay of proceedings - Application for - Application to stay execution proceedings of garnishee order - Factors considered - Financial position of plaintiff - Whether plaintiff able to refund amount payable under garnishee absolute order - Whether there were special circumstances - Whether there was contractual relationship between parties - Whether refusal of stay would put defendant at risk - Whether application ought to be allowed
Ananda Kumar Krishnan v. Ng Chin Tai (Trading In The Name And Style Of Lean Seh Fishery) & Anor; Tesco Stores (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd (Garnishee)
(Abdul Wahab Mohamed JC) [2017] 5 CLJ 364 [HC]

TORT

Negligence - Medical negligence - Patient received blood transfusions at hospital - Patient confirmed to be HIV-positive five years later and passed away - Whether hospital complied with standard safety procedures practised in all Government hospitals relating to blood transfusions - Whether necessary measures taken to ensure that blood used in deceased's blood transfusion was safe and HIV-free - Whether early treatment could have been given upon detection of HIV virus - Whether patient died due to AIDS
Pengarah Hospital Gua Musang & Ors v. Abdullah Mat
(Lim Yee Lan, Varghese George, Nallini Pathmanathan JJCA) [2017] 5 CLJ 335 [CA]

INDEKS PERKARA

PROSEDUR SIVIL

Penghakiman - Permohonan perintah penangguhan pelaksanaan penghakiman - Sama ada terdapat keadaan khas mewajarkan penggantungan pelaksanaan penghakiman - Sama ada defendan-defendan mempunyai peluang cerah untuk berjaya di Mahkamah Rayuan - Sama ada plaintif berkemampuan membayar balik wang penghakiman jika rayuan defendan-defendan berjaya - Sama ada penggantungan pelaksanaan memberi kesan prejudis pada plaintif - Sama ada permohonan ditolak
Ananda Kumar Krishnan lwn. Ng Chin Tai (Berniaga Dengan Cara Dan Gaya Lean Seh Fishery) & Satu Lagi
(Nordin Hassan PK) [2017] 5 CLJ 356 [HC]

UNDANG-UNDANG TANAH

Hak milik - Pemberi milikan Tanah Kerajaan Negeri - Plaintif-plaintif dipilih menyertai rancangan penempatan berkelompok yang dimajukan dan ditadbir Felcra - Plaintif-plaintif diberi tanah untuk penanaman kelapa sawit - Plaintif-plaintif diberi tanah di rancangan lain sebagai ganti tanah rancangan asal bagi membolehkan penanaman semula - Sama ada plaintif-plaintif mempunyai hak atas tanah Kerajaan yang diwartakan sebagai Rancangan Pembangunan Persekutuan - Sama ada Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan Negeri mempunyai kuasa tersirat membatalkan pemberian hak milik - Sama ada plaintif-plaintif berhak diberi peluang untuk representasi dan didengar sebelum keputusan dibuat - Akta Tanah (Kawasan Penempatan Berkelompok 1960, ss. 10(1)(b), 12
Ghazali Mat & Yang Lain lwn. Pengarah Tanah Dan Galian Negeri Terengganu & Satu Lagi
(Mohd Zawawi Salleh, Vernon Ong Lam Kiat, Abdul Rahman Sebli HHMR) [2017] 5 CLJ 265 [CA]

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CLJ 2017 Volume 5 (Part 4)

FEDERAL COURT

Director Of Forests, Sarawak & Anor v. Racha Urud & Ors And Other Appeals
Arifin Zakaria CJ, Hasan Lah, Abu Samah Nordin, Azahar Mohamed, Balia Yusof Wahi FCJJ
(Land Law - Native customary rights - Whether concept of continuous occupation an integral feature of native customary rights in Sarawak - Whether action time-barred) [2107] 5 CLJ 389 [FC]

Letchumanan Chettiar Alagappan (As Executor To SL Alameloo Achi (Deceased)) & Anor v. Secure Plantation Sdn Bhd
Zulkefli Ahmad Makinudin CJ (Malaya), Zainun Ali, Azahar Mohamed, Balia Yusof Wahi, Jeffrey Tan FCJJ
(Civil Procedure; Evidence - Word 'fraud' not pleaded in pleadings - Whether complaint of forgery amounted to complaint of fraud - Whether finding of forgery could be made without opinion evidence of handwriting expert) [2017] 5 CLJ 418 [FC]

COURT OF APPEAL

Tenaga Nasional Bhd v. Irham Niaga Sdn Bhd & Anor
Zaharah Ibrahim, Alizatul Khair Osman, Mah Weng Kwai JJCA
(Claim for payment of Arbitration award - Whether act of collapsing back an equitable or conscionable conduct - Whether veil of incorporation should be lifted) [2017] 5 CLJ 488 [CA]

HIGH COURT

Ketua Pengarah Hasil Dalam Negeri v. United Malacca Bhd
Azizul Azmi Adnan J
(Revenue Law - Income tax - Inland Revenue Board - Notice of additional assessment - Penalty on taxpayer in connection to retrenchment benefits - Whether reimbursement of retrenchment benefits subject to income tax) [2017] 5 CLJ 502 [HC]

SUBJECT INDEX

CIVIL PROCEDURE

Pleadings - Forgery - Claim that signatures and thumbprints in power of attorney in sale of land forged - Word 'fraud' not pleaded in pleadings - Whether necessary to plead word 'fraud' when facts which make conduct fraudulent were already pleaded - Whether complaint of forgery amounted to complaint of fraud - Rules of Court 2012, O. 18 rr. 8(1) & 12(1)(a)
Letchumanan Chettiar Alagappan (As Executor To SL Alameloo Achi (Deceased)) & Anor v. Secure Plantation Sdn Bhd
(Zulkefli Ahmad Makinudin CJ (Malaya), Zainun Ali, Azahar Mohamed, Balia Yusof Wahi, Jeffrey Tan FCJJ) [2017] 5 CLJ 418 [FC]

COMPANY LAW

Separate legal entity - Lifting veil of incorporation - Arbitration award made against subsidiary company - Claim for payment of Arbitration award - Whether act of collapsing back an equitable or conscionable conduct - Whether act of collapsing back amounted to fraud in equity - Whether veil of incorporation should be lifted
Tenaga Nasional Bhd v. Irham Niaga Sdn Bhd & Anor
(Zaharah Ibrahim, Alizatul Khair Osman, Mah Weng Kwai JJCA) [2017] 5 CLJ 488 [CA]

EVIDENCE

Burden of proof - Fraud - Forgery - Signatures and thumbprints in power of attorney in sale of land forged - Whether burden of proof in fraud and forgery cases same - Whether burden of proof was beyond reasonable doubt or balance of probabilities - Whether complaint of forgery amounted to complaint of fraud
Letchumanan Chettiar Alagappan (As Executor To SL Alameloo Achi (Deceased)) & Anor v. Secure Plantation Sdn Bhd
(Zulkefli Ahmad Makinudin CJ (Malaya), Zainun Ali, Azahar Mohamed, Balia Yusof Wahi, Jeffrey Tan FCJJ) [2017] 5 CLJ 418 [FC]

Expert evidence - Handwriting expert - Signatures and thumbprints in power of attorney in sale of land forged - Whether there was authentication by handwriting expert - Whether finding of forgery could be made without opinion evidence of handwriting expert - Whether court could make comparison if feature of writing and signature on documents were so glaring - Whether power of attorney valid - Evidence Act 1950, ss. 45, 47 & 73 - Powers of Attorney Act 1949, ss. 3 & 4
Letchumanan Chettiar Alagappan (As Executor To SL Alameloo Achi (Deceased)) & Anor v. Secure Plantation Sdn Bhd
(Zulkefli Ahmad Makinudin CJ (Malaya), Zainun Ali, Azahar Mohamed, Balia Yusof Wahi, Jeffrey Tan FCJJ) [2017] 5 CLJ 418 [FC]

LAND LAW

Customary land - Native customary rights - Abandonment of rights - Plaintiffs left ancestral lands and migrated to new settlement - No evidence of plaintiffs returning to lands after resettlement - Whether there was 'non-user' and abandonment of land
Director Of Forests, Sarawak & Anor v. Racha Urud & Ors And Other Appeals
(Arifin Zakaria CJ, Hasan Lah, Abu Samah Nordin, Azahar Mohamed, Balia Yusof Wahi FCJJ) [2017] 5 CLJ 389 [FC]

Customary land - Native customary rights - Basis for rights and claims - Whether based on continuous occupation of land - Whether concept of continuous occupation an integral feature of native customary rights in Sarawak
Director Of Forests, Sarawak & Anor v. Racha Urud & Ors And Other Appeals
(Arifin Zakaria CJ, Hasan Lah, Abu Samah Nordin, Azahar Mohamed, Balia Yusof Wahi FCJJ) [2017] 5 CLJ 389 [FC]

Customary land - Native customary rights, claim for - Limitation - Logging activities on purported customary lands - Action filed 40 years after plaintiffs left ancestral lands and resettled elsewhere and 20 years after logging activities on land - Whether rights to land abandoned - Whether action time-barred - Public Authorities Protection Act 1948, s. 2 - Limitation Ordinance (Cap 49) Sarawak, item 96
Director Of Forests, Sarawak & Anor v. Racha Urud & Ors And Other Appeals
(Arifin Zakaria CJ, Hasan Lah, Abu Samah Nordin, Azahar Mohamed, Balia Yusof Wahi FCJJ) [2017] 5 CLJ 389 [FC]

REVENUE LAW

Income tax - Taxability - Appeal by Special Commissioners of Income Tax - Parcels of land owned by taxpayer compulsorily acquired - Land Administrator reimbursed taxpayer for retrenchment benefits paid to then-employees who worked on lands compulsorily acquired - Inland Revenue Board raised notice of additional assessment and imposed penalty on taxpayer in connection to retrenchment benefits - Taxpayer had to bring to tax late payment charges received in tax returns - Whether late payment charges under Land Acquisition Act 1960 subject to income tax - Whether reimbursement of retrenchment benefits subject to income tax - Income Tax Act 1967, ss. 22 & 113(2) - Land Acquisition Act 1960, s. 22
Ketua Pengarah Hasil Dalam Negeri v. United Malacca Bhd
(Azizul Azmi Adnan J) [2017] 5 CLJ 502 [HC]

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LNS Article(s)

1. JUDICIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTRAINTS TO THE ENFORCEMENT OF PRISONERS' RIGHTS IN SOME NORTH-CENTRAL STATES OF NIGERIA ^{[Read excerpt]}
   DR. A.A. OWOADE* [2017] 1 LNS(A) xliii

[2017] 1 LNS(A) xliii



NIGERIA

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JUDICIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTRAINTS TO THE ENFORCEMENT OF
PRISONERS' RIGHTS IN SOME NORTH-CENTRAL STATES OF NIGERIA

DR. A.A. OWOADE*

ABSTRACT

The trend generally in the Nigerian prison administration is bedevilled with lots of abnormalities in both judicial and administrative spheres. This paper first looked into the prison system in these three states critically and in a holistic manner. A brief historical appraisal of the problems hampering prisoners' rights were analysed viz-a-viz the judiciary and the law enforcement authorities. The paper established the fact that a suspect or convict loses certain fundamental constitutional rights; but not all his/her fundamental rights are lost in its entirety, this is so because, the law still guarantees him/her certain inalienable rights. The fulcrum of this paper is the examination of these inalienable rights of prisoners and the attendant constraints and clogs against their enforcement, while focusing on three states in the north-central of Nigeria, namely, Kwara, Kogi and Niger states respectively. Thereafter, recommendations were made to check the menace of violation of prisoners' rights. It ends with a conclusion that what is most important in solving the problem is a synergy of efforts amongst the stakeholders having considered the deplorable situations in the prisons and ways to check the ugly trend as it relates to enforcing the prisoners' rights.

. . .

* Owoade Abdul-Lateef Adekunle is a Legal Practitioner with teaching, research and consulting experience in the areas of law of corporate management, Islamic Personal law, Islamic Constitutional Law, Treatment of minority under the Shariah, Human Rights under the Islamic Law and Islamic International law. He is currently a Lecturer at the Department of Islamic Law, Faculty of Law, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Phone: 08034453656 / 08121487171. E-mail: mymission43@gmail.com

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2. CRIMINAL BREACH OF TRUST AND BRIBERY: A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE ^{[Read excerpt]}
   KHO FENG MING* [2017] 1 LNS(A) xliv

[2017] 1 LNS(A) xliv



MALAYSIA

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CRIMINAL BREACH OF TRUST AND BRIBERY: A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

KHO FENG MING*

Introduction

The notion that most crimes are committed by persons from the lower class has dominated much of the criminological thinking since the 19th century. Crimes committed by the middle-upper class: the so-called "crimes of the powerful" have often been neglected or underestimated. Criminologist Ross^[1] first sought to focus attention on the threat presented by a form of "crimes of the powerful",^[2] ie, corporate crime (white-collar crime) almost 100 years ago. He described the corporate criminal as enjoying "immunity" for his "new sin" and was protected from public condemnation because of his apparent respectability. Terms like economic crime, commercial crime and business crime are used interchangeably to denote a variety of white-collar offences, though they are rarely defined. However, economic crime has been defined by the Interpol to cover business and commercial crime and in fact, all fraudulent operations conducted to the detriment of individuals or society in general, and constitutes a form of crime which seriously affects the economy of many countries.

. . .

* Faculty of Law, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (winkhomedic@yahoo.com.my)

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