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Issue #10/2018 08 March 2018

New This Week Case(s) of the Week TENGKU DATO' IBRAHIM PETRA TENGKU INDRA PETRA v. PETRA PERDANA BHD & ANOTHER APPEAL [2018] 2 CLJ 641 Appeal Update Appeal Update Latest Cases Legal Network Series CLJ 2018 Volume 2 (Part 6) Articles LNS Article(s) Legislation Highlights Principal Acts Amending Acts PU(A) PU(B) Legislation Alert

TENGKU DATO' IBRAHIM PETRA TENGKU INDRA PETRA v.
PETRA PERDANA BHD & ANOTHER APPEAL [2018] 2 CLJ 641
FEDERAL COURT, PUTRAJAYA
MD RAUS SHARIF CJ, ZULKEFLI AHMAD MAKINUDIN PCA, ZAINUN ALI FCJ, AZAHAR MOHAMED FCJ, JEFFREY TAN FCJ
[CIVIL APPEALS NO: 02(f)-7-03-2016 (W) & 02(f)-8-03-2016 (W)]
14 DECEMBER 2017

COMPANY LAW: Directors – Fiduciary duties – Breach of – Divestments of shareholding in subsidiary company – Parent company lost controlling shares in subsidiary company – Whether divestments necessary – Whether divestments had valid purposes – Whether directors acted in best interest of company – Whether directors sought professional advice – Whether directors in breach of fiduciary duties – Whether there was conspiracy to injure parent company – Test for breach of directors' duties – Companies Act 1965, s. 132(1C)

COMPANY LAW: Resolutions – Ordinary resolution – Extraordinary general meeting passed ordinary resolution that general mandate be given to parent company to divest subsidiary company – Parent company lost controlling shares in subsidiary company – Whether directors obligated to comply with terms of shareholders' divestment mandate as if prescribed by parent company's articles of association – Whether regulations under articles of association – Companies Act 1965, s. 132(1C)

COMPANY LAW: Shareholders – Powers – Powers of management – Whether conferred on shareholders by articles of association – Whether vested in Board of Directors

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1. Shariff Abdul Razak v. PP [2017] 1 LNS 137 (CA) affirming the High Court case of PP lwn. Shariff Abdul Razak [2014] 1 LNS 1636.

2. Kaliappan Ramasamy v. Pengerusi, Lembaga Pencegahan Jenayah & Ors [2017] 1 LNS 139 (CA) affirming the High Court case of Kaliappan Ramasamy lwn. Pengerusi, Lembaga Pencegahan Jenayah & Yang Lain [2015] 1 LNS 754.

Legal Network Series

[2016] 1 LNS 1002	PAKSI OMEGA SDN BHD lwn. KU SANG @ KHOO AH TOO & YANG LAIN	PROSEDUR SIVIL: Pengetepian - Penghakiman persetujuan - Plaintif mendakwa penghakiman persetujuan direkodkan atas nasihat peguam terdahulu - Penghakiman persetujuan direkodkan setelah dibaca di mahkamah terbuka dengan kehadiran, persetujuan dan keizinan plaintif - Plaintif cuba mengetepikan penghakiman persetujuan atas alasan defendan yang merupakan seorang bankrap tidak mempunyai locus standi untuk memasuki penghakiman - Sama ada penghakiman persetujuan sah dan berkuatkuasa - Sama ada dakwaan tidak mendapat manfaat nasihat daripada peguamcara yang terdahulu adalah satu pemikiran semula - Sama ada penghakiman persetujuan wajar dikekalkan demi kepentingan keadilan
[2016] 1 LNS 1687	BONIA INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS PTE LTD & ANOR v. SIMSON TRADING SDN BHD & ORS	INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: Trade mark - Registration - Application to expunge registration of trade mark - Seven years lapsed since registration of trademark - Defendants had continuously used impugned trade mark within the class it was registered for over 20 years - Whether registration of trademark was conclusive - Whether there was actual deception and intention to deceive by defendant - Whether there was any likelihood of confusion at time of registration - Whether confusion resulted from some blameworthy conduct on part of defendant - Whether plaintiffs chose to abandon use of trade mark - Whether plaintiff satisfied element under s. 37 Trade Marks Act 1976 TORT: Passing off - Trade mark - Infringement and unlawful interference with trade mark - Expunging trade mark Carlo Reno - Plaintiff used trade mark Carlo Rino - Whether there were grounds to expunge defendant's Carlo Reno trade mark by plaintiff under ss. 45 & 46 of Trade Marks Act 1976 ('TMA') - Whether defendants' trade mark remained at all times a conclusive and valid trade mark pursuant to s. 35 of TMA
[2016] 1 LNS 1723	BARISAN TENAGA PERANCANG (M) SDN BHD v. DR MANSUR HUSSAIN & ORS	CIVIL PROCEDURE: Pleadings - Matters not pleaded - Consideration of court - Issue of illegality - Whether illegality should be pleaded - Whether a party may raise an issue on illegality at any stage of proceedings - Whether issue of illegality could be raised during appellate level - Whether parties are duty bound to raise any issue of illegality at the earliest opportunity CONTRACT: Remedies - Restitution - Illegal transaction - Discretion of court - Whether court will come to the aid of a person whose cause of action is based on an illegal act – Whether s. 66 of Contracts Act 1950 was applicable EVIDENCE: Adverse inference - Failure to call material witness - Absence of evidence or explanation for non-calling of witness - Whether there was suppression of material evidence - Whether adverse inference could be invoked - Evidence Act 1950, s. 114(g) MONEYLENDERS: Moneylending transaction - Loan with interest - Scope of interest under s. 2 of Moneylenders Act 1951 ('MA') - Presumption under s. 10OA of MA - Whether presumption under s. 10OA of MA had arisen - Whether legal fees could constitute interest - Whether defendant had carried on a moneylending business TORT: Trespass - Damages - Land was entered into without authority - Whether there was trespass to land - Whether plaintiff was entitled to compensatory damages TORT: Interference - Unlawful interference - Remedies - Interference in business of company by an ex-director - Instruction given to company's solicitors without company's authorization - Whether there was unlawful interference with company's business - Whether a perpetual injunction should be granted against ex-director to prohibit interference with company's business
[2017] 1 LNS 1015	KALITAHS NADARAJU lwn. PENGERUSI LEMBAGA PENCEGAHAN JENAYAH & YANG LAIN	PENAHANAN PENCEGAHAN: Perintah tahanan - Permohonan untuk habeas corpus - Tahanan di bawah s. 19A(1) Akta Pencegahan Jenayah 1959 ('APJ 1959') - Kategori perbuatan pemohon yang dilaporkan oleh pihak polis bercanggah dengan kategori dalam dapatan inkuiri - Nama pemohon telah didaftarkan sebelum disahkan oleh Lembaga Pencegahan Jenayah - Kelewatan menyerahkan laporan lengkap bertulis Pegawai Inkuiri beserta dapatan kepada Lembaga Pencegahan Jenayah - Kelewatan pegawai inkuiri menjalankan inkuiri - Sama ada dakwaan-dakwaan pemohon adalah bermerit - Sama ada terdapat ketidakpatuhan sebarang prosedur di bawah APJ 1959 berhubung dengan pengeluaran perintah tahanan terhadap pemohon
[2017] 1 LNS 1439	AMIRUL ARIFFIN RAZALI v. KOMANDAN MEJAR NORMAN TAY HAJI ABIDIN & ORS	CIVIL PROCEDURE: Pleadings - Amendment - Application to amend writ by plaintiff to add defendant - Amendment application was coupled with application for joinder of parties under O. 15 r. 6 of Rules of Court 2012 - Application was filed after conclusion of trial and filing of submissions - Whether joinder application needed to be considered on its own merits - Whether joinder application ought to be heard before amendment application - Rules of Court 2012, O. 20 r. 5 CIVIL PROCEDURE: Parties - Joinder of parties - Application by plaintiff to add defendant after expiry of limitation period - Action caught by limitation pursuant to item 19 of Sarawak Limitation Ordinance (Chapter 49) - Cause of action premised on negligence - Whether application for joinder of parties ought to be allowed - Rules of Court 2012, O. 15 r. 6

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CLJ 2018 Volume 2 (Part 6)

FEDERAL COURT

Tengku Dato' Ibrahim Petra Tengku Indra Petra v. Petra Perdana Bhd & Another Appeal
Md Raus Sharif CJ, Zulkefli Ahmad Makinudin PCA, Zainun Ali, Azahar Mohamed, Jeffrey Tan FCJJ
(Company Law - Directors - Fiduciary duties - Divestments of shareholding in subsidiary company - Whether directors acted in best interest of company) [2018] 2 CLJ 641 [FC]

COURT OF APPEAL

Kerajaan Malaysia & Ors v. Then See Nyuk & Anor
Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat, Abdul Rahman Sebli, Zaleha Yusof JJCA
(Intellectual Property; Criminal Procedure - Search warrant - Validity - Allegation of infringement of copyright - Whether search warrant legally issued) [2018] 2 CLJ 704 [CA]

Mohd Sobri Che Hassan v. Pihak Berkuasa Tatatertib Majlis Perbandaran Seberang Perai & Anor
Hamid Sultan Abu Backer, Prasad Sandosham Abraham, Asmabi Mohamad JJCA
(Administrative Law; Constitutional Law - Judicial review - Application to challenge dismissal from services of Municipal Council - Failure to appoint committee of investigation to investigate charge) [2018] 2 CLJ 715 [CA]

PP v. Muhammad Yunus
Abang Iskandar, Vernon Ong Lam Kiat JJCA, Suraya Othman J
(Criminal Procedure - Offence of concealing and harbouring smuggled person - Three years' imprisonment - Whether sentence imposed adequate) [2018] 2 CLJ 749 [CA]

Teh Guat Hong v. Perbadanan Tabung Pendidikan Tinggi Nasional
Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat, Abdul Rahman Sebli, Zaleha Yusof JJCA
(Administrative Law - Judicial review - Application to quash decision - Repayment of education loan granted by Perbadanan Tabung Pendidikan Tinggi Nasional) [2018] 2 CLJ 762 [CA]

HIGH COURT

Teo Soon Kiat & Anor v. PP
Alwi Abdul Wahab JC
(Criminal Procedure - Stay of execution - Applicants detained for failure to pay fine - Whether stay should not be allowed unless fine paid in full or by instalments - Criminal Procedure Code, ss. 283 & 311) [2018] 2 CLJ 781 [HC]

SUBJECT INDEX

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Exercise of administrative powers - Judicial review - Application for - Application to challenge applicant's dismissal from services of Municipal Council - Failure of Disciplinary Committee to appoint committee of Investigation to investigate charge against applicant - Whether decision-making process tainted with procedural impropriety - Disciplinary Committee proceeded to impose punishment of dismissal on applicant without giving him opportunity to contradict report prejudicial to him - Whether there was infringement of rule of natural justice - Whether applicant enjoyed protection under s. 16(4) of Local Government Act 1976 - Issues raised in pleadings substantively public law issues - Whether ought to be determined by judicial review - Whether appellate intervention warranted - Federal Constitution, art. 135(2)
Mohd Sobri Che Hassan v. Pihak Berkuasa Tatatertib Majlis Perbandaran Seberang Perai & Anor
(Hamid Sultan Abu Backer, Prasad Sandosham Abraham, Asmabi Mohamad JJCA) [2018] 2 CLJ 715 [CA]

Judicial review - Application for - Application to challenge applicant's dismissal from services of Municipal Council - Failure of Disciplinary Committee to appoint committee of investigation to investigate charge against applicant - Whether decision-making process tainted with procedural impropriety - Disciplinary Committee proceeded to impose punishment of dismissal on applicant without giving opportunity to contradict prejudicial report - Whether there was infringement of rule of natural justice - Whether applicant enjoyed protection under s. 16(4) of Local Government Act 1976 - Issues raised in pleadings substantively public law issues - Whether ought to be determined by judicial review - Whether appellate intervention warranted - Federal Constitution, art. 135(2)
Mohd Sobri Che Hassan v. Pihak Berkuasa Tatatertib Majlis Perbandaran Seberang Perai & Anor
(Hamid Sultan Abu Backer, Prasad Sandosham Abraham, Asmabi Mohamad JJCA) [2018] 2 CLJ 715 [CA]

Judicial review - Application to quash decision - Repayment of education loan granted by Perbadanan Tabung Pendidikan Tinggi Nasional ('PTPTN') - Circular by PTPTN allowing exemption for graduates who passed with First Class Honours - Rejection of application for exemption by graduate who passed with First Class Honours - Conditions to qualify for exemption - Whether fulfilled - Whether rejection of application for exemption of repayment irrational and unreasonable
Teh Guat Hong v. Perbadanan Tabung Pendidikan Tinggi Nasional
(Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat, Abdul Rahman Sebli, Zaleha Yusof JJCA) [2018] 2 CLJ 762 [CA]

COMPANY LAW

Directors - Fiduciary duties - Breach of - Divestments of shareholding in subsidiary company - Parent company lost controlling shares in subsidiary company - Whether divestments necessary - Whether divestments had valid purposes - Whether directors acted in best interest of company - Whether directors sought professional advice - Whether directors in breach of fiduciary duties - Whether there was conspiracy to injure parent company - Test for breach of directors' duties - Companies Act 1965, s. 132(1C)
Tengku Dato' Ibrahim Petra Tengku Indra Petra v. Petra Perdana Bhd & Another Appeal
(Md Raus Sharif CJ, Zulkefli Ahmad Makinudin PCA, Zainun Ali, Azahar Mohamed, Jeffrey Tan FCJJ) [2018] 2 CLJ 641 [FC]

Judicial review - Statutory body - Perbadanan Tabung Pendidikan Tinggi Nasional ('PTPTN') - Circular by PTPTN allowing exemption for repayment of education loan by graduates who passed with First Class Honours - Interpretation of circular - Conditions for exemption - Graduate must obtain First Class Honours and attended course which attained certificate of accreditation - Whether there was provision that certificate of accreditation must be obtained during period of study - Intention of Government in introducing policy - Whether for course to attain accreditation - Whether accreditation must relate to whole period of study
Teh Guat Hong v. Perbadanan Tabung Pendidikan Tinggi Nasional
(Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat, Abdul Rahman Sebli, Zaleha Yusof JJCA) [2018] 2 CLJ 762 [CA]

Resolutions - Ordinary resolution - Extraordinary general meeting passed ordinary resolution that general mandate be given to parent company to divest subsidiary company - Parent company lost controlling shares in subsidiary company - Whether directors obligated to comply with terms of shareholders' divestment mandate as if prescribed by parent company's articles of association - Whether regulations under articles of association - Companies Act 1965, s. 132(1C)
Tengku Dato' Ibrahim Petra Tengku Indra Petra v. Petra Perdana Bhd & Another Appeal
(Md Raus Sharif CJ, Zulkefli Ahmad Makinudin PCA, Zainun Ali, Azahar Mohamed, Jeffrey Tan FCJJ) [2018] 2 CLJ 641 [FC]

Shareholders - Powers - Powers of management - Whether conferred on shareholders by articles of association - Whether vested in Board of Directors
Tengku Dato' Ibrahim Petra Tengku Indra Petra v. Petra Perdana Bhd & Another Appeal
(Md Raus Sharif CJ, Zulkefli Ahmad Makinudin PCA, Zainun Ali, Azahar Mohamed, Jeffrey Tan FCJJ) [2018] 2 CLJ 641 [FC]

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

Public servants - Dismissal - Dismissal from services of Municipal Council - Disciplinary Committee's failure to appoint committee of investigation to investigate charge against applicant - Whether decision-making process tainted with procedural impropriety - Disciplinary Committee proceeded to impose punishment of dismissal on applicant without giving him opportunity to contradict report prejudicial to him - Whether there was infringement of rule of natural justice - Whether applicant enjoyed protection under s. 16(4) of Local Government Act 1976 - Issues raised in pleadings substantively public law issues - Whether ought to be determined by judicial review - Whether appellate intervention warranted - Federal Constitution, art. 135(2)
Mohd Sobri Che Hassan v. Pihak Berkuasa Tatatertib Majlis Perbandaran Seberang Perai & Anor
(Hamid Sultan Abu Backer, Prasad Sandosham Abraham, Asmabi Mohamad JJCA) [2018] 2 CLJ 715 [CA]

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

Appeal - Appeal against sentence - Appeal by prosecution - Offence of concealing and harbouring smuggled person - Accused person convicted and sentenced to three years' imprisonment - Whether sentence imposed adequate - Whether ought to be enhanced - Anti-trafficking in Persons and Anti-smuggling of Migrants Act 2007, s. 26H
PP v. Muhammad Yunus
(Abang Iskandar, Vernon Ong Lam Kiat JJCA, Suraya Othman J) [2018] 2 CLJ 749 [CA]

Search warrant - Validity - Allegation of infringement of copyright - Raiding of internet café - Items seized for investigation returned without charging owners for any offence - Owners filed action for loss and damages - Whether search warrant legally issued - Whether information on oath stated reasonable cause for suspecting infringement - Whether Magistrate correct in issuing search warrant - Whether requirement under s. 44(1) of Copyright Act 1987 satisfied - Whether raiding officer entitled for protection under s. 57 of Copyright Act 1987 - Whether absence of prosecution affects warrant of search and seizure
Kerajaan Malaysia & Ors v. Then See Nyuk & Anor
(Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat, Abdul Rahman Sebli, Zaleha Yusof JJCA) [2018] 2 CLJ 704 [CA]

Sentence - Adequacy of sentence - Principles of sentencing - Offence of concealing and harbouring smuggled person - Anti-trafficking in Persons and Anti-smuggling of Migrants Act 2007, s. 26H - Accused person convicted and sentenced to three years' imprisonment - Whether sentence imposed adequate - Whether ought to be enhanced - Whether sentence proportionate with circumstances of how offence was committed - Whether accused person entitled to lenient sentence due to guilty plea - Whether public interest served
PP v. Muhammad Yunus
(Abang Iskandar, Vernon Ong Lam Kiat JJCA, Suraya Othman J) [2018] 2 CLJ 749 [CA]

Stay of execution - Application for stay of sentence pending appeal - Applicants convicted and sentenced to fine of RM100,000 in default of 12 months' imprisonment - Applicants detained for failure to pay fine - Whether length of term of imprisonment ought to be considered in granting stay - Whether stay should not be allowed unless fine paid in full or by instalments - Whether Khairuddin Abdul Majid v. PP applicable - Criminal Procedure Code, ss. 283 & 311
Teo Soon Kiat & Anor v. PP
(Alwi Abdul Wahab JC) [2018] 2 CLJ 781 [HC]

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Copyright - Infringement - Allegation of - Raiding of internet café - Items seized for investigation returned without charging owners for any offence - Owners filed action for loss and damages - Whether search warrant legally issued - Whether Magistrate correct in issuing search warrant - Whether requirement under s. 44(1) of Copyright Act 1987 satisfied - Whether raiding officer entitled for protection under s. 57 of Copyright Act 1987 - Whether absence of prosecution affects warrant of search and seizure
Kerajaan Malaysia & Ors v. Then See Nyuk & Anor
(Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat, Abdul Rahman Sebli, Zaleha Yusof JJCA) [2018] 2 CLJ 704 [CA]

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LNS Article(s)

1. THE PRINCIPLE OF APPROBATE AND REPROBATE.
   HOW DOES IT RELATE TO THE EMPLOYMENT ACT 1955? ^{[Read excerpt]}
   RHYMIE BIN MOHD RAMLI* [2018] 1 LNS(A) xix

[2018] 1 LNS(A) xix



MALAYSIA

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THE PRINCIPLE OF APPROBATE AND REPROBATE.
HOW DOES IT RELATE TO THE EMPLOYMENT ACT 1955?

RHYMIE BIN MOHD RAMLI*

The principle of approbate and reprobate (also known as the doctrine of election) is a species of estoppel.^[1] Basically, one is estopped from claiming something which he has not chosen. In other words, one cannot enjoy both benefits at the same time. Hence the saying, "you cannot have two bites of the cherry".

In terms of employment or specifically the section 7A of the Act, an employer is not prevented from providing any terms and conditions under the contract of service more favourable than any provision under the Act or any of its regulations subject to express prohibition. Therefore, once an employee accepts terms or conditions which are better than the benefits under the Act, he or she is estopped from claiming under the latter. This is due to the fact that he enjoys better benefits provided under the contract of service.

. . .

* LL.B (Hons) IIUM, Employment Law Practitioner.

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2. GENDER EQUALITY AND ACCESS TO EDUCATION: A REVIEW OF FACTORS INHIBITING GIRL CHILD EDUCATION IN NORTHERN NIGERIA ^{[Read excerpt]}
   MAHMUD KAYODE ADEBAYO (Ph.D)* [2018] 1 LNS(A) xx

[2018] 1 LNS(A) xx



NIGERIA

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GENDER EQUALITY AND ACCESS TO EDUCATION:
A REVIEW OF FACTORS INHIBITING GIRL CHILD EDUCATION IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

MAHMUD KAYODE ADEBAYO (Ph.D)*

ABSTRACT

The United Nations, international conventions and the Child Right Act recognizes that education is a basic human right that every child must enjoy. In a traditional society, there exists the degenerate belief that women are second class citizens. A woman is considered as a man's property or pleasure object. She is also considered as a machine meant to produce children. This situation has resulted in unfair treatment of women especially with regards to education. Girl child education has become a matter of concern to stakeholders in Nigeria. This work examines the concept of, and crucial issues in girl child education. It identifies socio-cultural patterns, religious misconceptions, poverty, teenage pregnancy and early marriage among others as factors militating against child education especially in northern Nigeria. The paper, using a human right approach, advocates for specific roles and eradication of all discriminations against women. It outlines promoting education, gender equality, marriageable age and empowerment as a way to effectively correct these institutional mal-practices. The paper concludes and recommends an urgent governmental policy through specific agencies in redressing this imbalance.

. . .

* Faculty Of Law, University Of Maiduguri.

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