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Issue #1/2019 03 January 2019

New This Week Case(s) of the Week GULA PERAK BHD v. DATUK LIM SUE BENG & OTHER APPEALS [2019] 1 CLJ 153 Latest Cases Legal Network Series CLJ 2019 Volume 1 (Part 2) Articles LNS Article(s) Legislation Highlights Principal Acts Amending Acts PU(A) PU(B) Legislation Alert

GULA PERAK BHD v. DATUK LIM SUE BENG & OTHER APPEALS [2019] 1 CLJ 153
FEDERAL COURT, PUTRAJAYA
ZULKEFLI AHMAD MAKINUDIN PCA, RAMLY ALI FCJ, AZAHAR MOHAMED FCJ,
BALIA YUSOF WAHI FCJ, ALIZATUL KHAIR OSMAN FCJ
[CIVIL APPEALS NO: 02(f)-45-05-2017(B), 02(f)-46-05-2017(B), 02(f)-59-06-2017(B),
02(f)-60-06-2017(B), 02(f)-61-06-2017(B) & 02(f)-65-06-2017(B)]
10 OCTOBER 2018

LAND LAW: Sale and purchase agreement – Estate land – Conditional agreement to sell estate land – Sale subject to obtaining approval of Estate Land Board – Intention of Parliament – Whether to prevent fragmentation of estate land – Whether failure to obtain prior approval from Land Board before entering into agreement contravened s. 214A(1) of National Land Code – Whether agreement null and void – Whether approval of Land Board to be obtained before registration of title – Whether Form 14D to be jointly submitted – Whether existence of intended purchaser pre-requisite for application for approval of Land Board – National Land Code, s. 214A(1), (2) & 214A(10A)(a)

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Legal Network Series

[2018] 1 LNS 15	ROSLI KAMARUDDIN v. HOW HOCK SING @ LW KIM CHWEE & ANOR LEGAL PROFESSION: Disciplinary proceedings - Professional conduct - Solicitors failed to file application for injunction despite being paid legal fees - Suit was struck out for failure to comply with unless order in respect of filing of injunction - Absence of prayer for injunction relief in statement of claim - Whether solicitors should have informed client if he was unable to prepare injunction for whatever reason  For the appellant - M/s Rosli Kamarudin & Co  For the first respondent - M/s Patrick Dass & Co  For the second respondent - M/s Tea Kelvin Kang
[2018] 1 LNS 41	ADVANCE TECH MACHINE TOOLS SDN BHD v. AREX PRECISION MANUFACTURING (M) SDN BHD SALE OF GOODS: Goods sold and delivered - Action for - Claim for payment of machine duly delivered - Buyer alleged machine yet to be sold and it was delivered on a trial-run basis - Supplier issued purchase order after machine had been delivered - Buyer avoiding responsibility of paying for machine delivered due to its internal company problem - Whether machine was delivered on a trial-run basis or as an outright sale - Whether it would make any commercial sense for any supplier to agree to supply a 50 ton machine just for trial-run purposes - Whether goods have passed to buyer - Whether buyer would be responsible to pay since it had already accepted and acknowledged property in good order and condition  For the plaintiff - Manian K Marappan; M/s Manian K Marappan & Company  For the defendant - Simon Tay; M/s Tay L E & Co
[2018] 1 LNS 42	TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD v. LENSION (M) SDN BHD UTILITIES: Electricity - Tampering of meter - Claim for loss of revenue - Back billing - Installation of current transformer without approval - Whether electricity meter had been tampered with - Whether plaintiff could back-bill up to a maximum of five years from date of rectification of tampered electricity meter - Whether guidelines set out in Energy Commission was accepted as good practice in exercising right to formulate back billing claims - Whether plaintiff's claim for back-billing was supported by evidence - Whether methodology employed to calculate losses was justifiable and fair  For the plaintiff - Hadi Mukhlis; M/s Shook Lin & Bok  For the defendant - Abd Rahim Ali; M/s Rahim, Aidil & Partners
[2018] 1 LNS 12	WONG BAN CHONG lwn. PP PROSEDUR JENAYAH: Pembelaan - Provokasi - Provokasi kumulatif - Pertuduhan bunuh - Tertuduh bersikap panas baran dan geram terhadap bekas isterinya kerana masalah rumah tangga - Tertuduh tidak mengaku mencederakan dan menyebabkan kematian si mati - Sama ada tertuduh telah membuktikan pengecualian 1 kepada s. 300 Kanun Keseksaan - Sama ada tindakan melepaskan geram dengan menyebabkan kecederaan terjumlah kepada provokasi - Sama ada wujud faktor-faktor yang terjumlah kepada bangkit marah yang besar dan mengejut - Sama ada tertuduh boleh membangkitkan pembelaan provokasi setelah mendakwa tidak mencederakan si mati  Bagi pihak perayu - Arik Zakri Abdul Kadir; T/n The Chambers of Arik and Kamal  Bagi pihak responden - Iswa Tonie; Timbalan Pendakwa Raya Jabatan Peguam Negara
[2018] 1 LNS 93	IN RE: R KESAVAN RAJATHURAI UNDANG-UNDANG PENTADBIRAN: Semakan kehakiman - Prinsip dan prosedur - Borang 109 - Responden gagal dinamakan di dalam permohonan - Kegagalan memasukkan tajuk perkara yang hendak dirujuk di dalam permohonan - Sama ada kehendak Borang 109 telah dipatuhi - Sama ada ketidakpatuhan yang sangat nyata boleh diperbetulkan - Sama ada kegagalan pemohon menamakan responden di dalam permohonan semakan kehakiman adalah memudaratkan - Sama ada permohonan wajar ditolak UNDANG-UNDANG PENTADBIRAN: Semakan kehakiman - Prosiding tatatertib - Pembuangan kerja - Kegagalan menghadiri tugas dan mengisytiharkan harta - Pemohon telah mengemukakan representasi bagi membela diri tanpa membuat permohonan untuk dibicarakan atau memohon sebarang dokumen - Sama ada pemohon telah mengetepikan haknya untuk mendapatkan perbicaraan lisan dan mendapatkan sebarang dokumen - Sama ada lembaga tatatertib berkuasa penuh untuk menjalankan kuasa budi bicara bagi menentukan jenis hukuman yang sesuai - Sama ada pemohon telah diberi hak untuk mendengar - Sama ada wujud ruang untuk mencabar tindakan lembaga tatatertib  Bagi pihak perayu - N P Ramachandran; T/n Segaran & Associates  Bagi pihak responden - Fatin Hanum Abdul Hadi, Peguam Kanan Persekutuan

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CLJ 2019 Volume 1 (Part 2)

FEDERAL COURT

Gula Perak Bhd v. Datuk Lim Sue Beng & Other Appeals
Zulkefli Ahmad Makinudin PCA, Ramly Ali, Azahar Mohamed, Balia Yusof Wahi, Alizatul Khair Osman FCJJ
(Land Law - Sale and purchase agreement - Estate land - Conditional agreement to sell estate land) [2019] 1 CLJ 153 [FC]

(Civil Appeal No: 02(f)-45-05-2017(B))
 For the appellant - Khoo Guan Huat & Iris Tang Shu Ni; M/s Skrine
 For the respondent - Wong Rhen Yen, Jamie Wong, Shugan Raman & Kelvesh Deshenraj; M/s Jamie Wong
(Civil Appeal No: 02(f)-46-05-2017(B))
 For the appellant - Khoo Guan Huat & Iris Tang Shu Ni; M/s Skrine
 For the respondent - Gopal Sri Ram, S Ravenesan, Chin Yan Leng, David Yii, Siti Nur Amirah Aqilah Adzman & Damien Chan; M/s S Ravenesan
(Civil Appeal No: 02(f)-59-06-2017(B))
 For the appellant - Yoong Sin Min, Poh Choo Hoe & Merie Chen Mong Yi; M/s Shook Lin & Bok
 For the 1st respondent - Gopal Sri Ram, S Ravenesan, Chin Yan Leng, David Yii, Siti Nur Amirah Aqilah Adzman & Damien Chan; M/s S Ravenesan
 For the 2nd respondent - Khoo Guan Huat & Iris Tang Shu Ni; M/s Skrine
 For the 3rd respondent - Wong Rhen Yen, Jamie Wong, Shugan Raman & Kelvesh Deshenraj; M/s Jamie Wong
 For the 4th respondent - Cecil Abraham, Bharti Seth, Ramesh Sanghvi, Rishwant Singh & K Kokilah; M/s Bharti Seth & Assocs
(Civil Appeal No: 02(f)-60-06-2017(B))
 For the appellant - Yoong Sin Min, Poh Choo Hoe & Merie Chen Mong Yi; M/s Shook Lin & Bok
 For the 1st respondent - Wong Rhen Yen, Jamie Wong, Shugan Raman & Kelvesh Deshenraj; M/s Jamie Wong
 For the 2nd respondent - Khoo Guan Huat & Iris Tang Shu Ni; M/s Skrine
 For the 3rd respondent - Gopal Sri Ram, S Ravenesan, Chin Yan Leng, David Yii, Siti Nur Amirah Aqilah Adzman & Damien Chan; M/s S Ravenesan
 For the 4th respondent - Cecil Abraham, Bharti Seth, Ramesh Sanghvi, Rishwant Singh & K Kokilah; M/s Bharti Seth & Assocs
(Civil Appeal No: 02(f)-61-06-2017(B))
 For the appellant - Cecil Abraham, Bharti Seth, Ramesh Sanghvi, Rishwant Singh & K Kokilah; M/s Bharti Seth & Assocs
 For the respondent - Wong Rhen Yen, Jamie Wong, Shugan Raman & Kelvesh Deshenraj; M/s Jamie Wong
(Civil Appeal No: 02-65-06-2017(B))
 For the appellant - Cecil Abraham, Bharti Seth, Ramesh Sanghvi, Rishwant Singh & K Kokilah; M/s Bharti Seth & Assocs
 For the respondent - Gopal Sri Ram, S Ravenesan, Chin Yan Leng, David Yii, Siti Nur Amirah Aqilah Adzman & Damien Chan; M/s S Ravenesan

Liputan Simfoni Sdn Bhd v. Pembangunan Orkid Desa Sdn Bhd
Hasan Lah, Ramly Ali, Azahar Mohamed, Balia Yusof Wahi, Prasad Sandosham Abraham FCJJ
(Land Law - Transfer - Validity - Subsequent bona fide purchaser for value) [2019] 1 CLJ 183 [FC]

 For the appellant - Yeoh Cho Kheong, Nadesh Ganabaskaran, Mahendran Shunmugam Sundram & Saw Wei Siang; M/s Malek, Paulian & Gan
 For the respondent - Palanivel KV Sathasivam, Ho How Keong, Balbir Singh & Premkumar Danapal; M/s Palani Aishah & Co

COURT OF APPEAL

Kerajaan Negeri Kelantan v. Petroliam Nasional Bhd & Anor
Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahim, Umi Kalthum Abdul Majid, Badariah Sahamid JCA
(Civil Procedure - Proceedings - Questions and issues of law - Applications under O. 14A Rules of the High Court 1980) [2019] 1 CLJ 224 [CA]

 For the appellant - Tommy Thomas, Takiyuddin Hassan, Sitpah Selvaratnam, Rahayu Mumazaini; M/s Tommy Thomas
 For the 1st respondent - Cecil WM Abraham & Rishwant Singh; M/s Cecil Abraham & Partners
 For the 2nd respondent - Suzanna Atan, SFC

HIGH COURT

Abadi Motor Sdn Bhd v. Ewwa Mohd Yusoff & Ors
Vazeer Alam Mydin Meera J
(Administrative Law; Customs And Excise - Seizure - Seizure of motor vehicles - Offences under ss. 17(1), 133(1)(a), 135(1)(g), 135(1)(a) of Customs Act 1967) [2019] 1 CLJ 234 [HC]

 For the applicant - M/s Raziyan Rahim & Assocs

Dato' Mohamad Yusof A Bakar & Anor v. Datuk Bandar Kuala Lumpur
Azizah Nawawi J
(Administrative Law - Exercise of administrative powers - Judicial review - Leave to apply for judicial review) [2019] 1 CLJ 247 [HC]

 For the applicants - David Samuel & R Thanasegar; Chambers of Firdaus
 For the respondent - Raihana Maimunah Rushdi; FC

Hj Said Binaan Sdn Bhd v. Getrahome Sdn Bhd
Mohd Nazlan Ghazali J
(Company Law; Contract - Frustration - Change in circumstances - Petitioner and debtor company entered into joint project development agreement and formed company) [2019] 1 CLJ 257 [HC]

 For the petitioner - Kemkumar Lopez; M/s Kamarudin & Partners
 For the respondent - Ravi Nekoo; M/s Rohaina & Co

Nabors Drilling (Labuan) Corporation v. Lembaga Perkhidmatan Kewangan Labuan
Ravinthran Paramaguru J
(Civil Procedure - Affidavit - Paragraphs - Application to expunge paragraphs in affidavit) [2019] 1 CLJ 277 [HC]

 For the applicant - Mohd Arief Emran & Kellie Yap; M/s Wong & Partners
 For the respondent - William Lim & Nur Izzati; M/s AR & C

Paramjothi Perumal & Anor v. Letchimy Samboo
Zalita Zaidan JC
(Trusts - Equity and trusts - Representation - First defendant verbally allowed and consented for plaintiff to stay on property until end of her life) [2019] 1 CLJ 293 [HC]

 For the 2nd appellant - Ramanathan Velu & Nur Syafiqah Abdullah; M/s Rama Velu & Assocs
 For the respondent - K Krishnan; M/s Krish & Kiew

SUBJECT INDEX

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Exercise of administrative powers - Judicial review - Leave to apply for judicial review - Absence of decision by Datuk Bandar Kuala Lumpur - Whether applicants allowed to seek for reliefs sought - Whether application for leave pre mature - Rules of the High Court 1980, O. 53 r. 2(2)
Dato' Mohamad Yusof A Bakar & Anor v. Datuk Bandar Kuala Lumpur
(Azizah Nawawi J) [2019] 1 CLJ 247 [HC]

Judicial review - Certiorari - Application to quash decision - Offences under ss. 17(1), 133(1)(a), 135(1)(g), 135(1)(a) of Customs Act 1967 - Seizure of vehicles, imposition of compound and additional duties and taxes by customs officers - Whether customs officers legally exercised powers under s. 114(1) - Whether acceptance of offers to compound offences amounted to admission of guilt - Whether vehicles legally seized - Whether forfeiture of vehicles in accordance with law and within statutory powers - Whether customs officers acted within powers accorded by law
Abadi Motor Sdn Bhd v. Ewwa Mohd Yusoff & Ors
(Vazeer Alam Mydin Meera J) [2019] 1 CLJ 234 [HC]

CIVIL PROCEDURE

Appeal - Ruling - Whether 'decision' under s. 3 of Courts of Judicature Act 1964 appealable
Kerajaan Negeri Kelantan v. Petroliam Nasional Bhd & Anor
(Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahim, Umi Kalthum Abdul Majid, Badariah Sahamid JCA) [2019] 1 CLJ 224 [CA]

Affidavit - Paragraphs - Application to expunge paragraphs in affidavit - Allegations that paragraphs were irrelevant, embarrassing and unfair to applicant - Paragraphs concerned comments - Whether scandalous fact - Whether averment scandalous - Whether averment relevant to determination of main issue in case - Whether paragraphs ought to be expunged
Nabors Drilling (Labuan) Corporation v. Lembaga Perkhidmatan Kewangan Labuan
(Ravinthran Paramaguru J) [2019] 1 CLJ 277 [HC]

Judicial review - Application - Application to quash decision of financial services authority - Leasing of oil rig to Malaysian resident subject to certain conditions - Applicant entered into leasing transaction without approval of financial services authority and without paying leasing fees - Applicant belatedly applied for approval 20 months later - Whether approval had retrospective effect - Whether guidelines upon which decision was based on contradicted statutes and were ultra vires - Labuan Financial Services Authority Act 1996, ss. 3(2) & 4 - Labuan Companies Act 1990, s. 7(5) & (6)
Nabors Drilling (Labuan) Corporation v. Lembaga Perkhidmatan Kewangan Labuan
(Ravinthran Paramaguru J) [2019] 1 CLJ 277 [HC]

Proceedings - Questions and issues of law - Applications under O. 14A Rules of the High Court 1980 allowed by High Court and affirmed by Court of Appeal and Federal Court - High Court ordered parties to formulate set of agreed facts and questions of law to be determined by court - Plaintiff prepared proposed questions and issues of law comprising 14 questions and issues - Whether plaintiff in position of introducing or adding further questions and/or issues of law - Whether plaintiff's suit ought to be determined solely on questions and issues of law framed by defendants - Whether plaintiff ought to be precluded from advancing own proposed questions of law to be determined by court
Kerajaan Negeri Kelantan v. Petroliam Nasional Bhd & Anor
(Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahim, Umi Kalthum Abdul Majid, Badariah Sahamid JCA) [2019] 1 CLJ 224 [CA]

COMPANY LAW

Winding-up - Petition - Petitioner and debtor company entered into joint project development agreement and formed company - Petitioner to pay sums to debtor company for agreeing to collaborate with petitioner in project - Development project did not materialise - Primary purpose of joint project development agreement not fulfilled - Debtor company refused to refund deposit payment made by petitioner - Petitioner petitioned for winding-up against debtor company for failure to return deposit payment - Whether debtor company able to pay all debts - Whether debtor company ought to be wound up - Companies Act 2016, ss. 465(1)(e) & 466(1)(a)
Hj Said Binaan Sdn Bhd v. Getrahome Sdn Bhd
(Mohd Nazlan Ghazali J) [2019] 1 CLJ 257 [HC]

CONTRACT

Frustration - Change in circumstances - Petitioner and debtor company entered into joint project development agreement and formed company - Petitioner to pay sums to debtor company for agreeing to collaborate with petitioner in project - Development project did not materialise - Primary purpose of joint project development agreement not fulfilled - Petitioner claimed for refund of deposit payment - Whether contract frustrated - Whether debtor company ought to refund payment of deposit made by petitioner - Contracts Act 1950, s. 57
Hj Said Binaan Sdn Bhd v. Getrahome Sdn Bhd
(Mohd Nazlan Ghazali J) [2019] 1 CLJ 257 [HC]

CUSTOMS AND EXCISE

Seizure - Seizure of motor vehicles - Offences under ss. 17(1), 133(1)(a), 135(1)(g), 135(1)(a) of Customs Act 1967 - Seizure of vehicles, imposition of compound and additional duties and taxes by customs officers - Whether customs officers legally exercised powers under s. 114(1) - Whether acceptance of offers to compound offences amounted to admission of guilt - Whether vehicles legally seized - Whether forfeiture of vehicles in accordance with law and within statutory powers
Abadi Motor Sdn Bhd v. Ewwa Mohd Yusoff & Ors
(Vazeer Alam Mydin Meera J) [2019] 1 CLJ 234 [HC]

EQUITY

Estoppel - Proprietary estoppel - Representation - First defendant verbally allowed and consented for plaintiff to stay on property until end of her life - Plaintiff incurred costs to build house on property - Second defendant subsequently evicted plaintiff from property - Whether there was breach of oral agreement - Whether reliance of plaintiff on representation, promise and guarantee made by first defendant within knowledge of second defendant - Whether judgment could be entered against second defendant who allegedly made representation, undertaking and oral guarantee when he was only 11 years of age - Whether there arose equity or proprietary estoppel for plaintiff to have equitable rights on property - Whether defendants estopped from going against representation, promise and guarantee orally made to plaintiff - Whether plaintiff entitled to compensation
Paramjothi Perumal & Anor v. Letchimy Samboo
(Zalita Zaidan JC) [2019] 1 CLJ 293 [HC]

LAND LAW

Indefeasibility of title - Registered owner - Transfer of land - Validity of transfer - Subsequent bona fide purchaser for value - Whether acted as reasonably prudent purchaser - Whether absence of fraud, deceit or dishonesty shown - Whether transfer obtained by means of void instrument - Whether title obtained by subsequent purchaser defeasible - National Land Code, s. 340(2) & (3)
Liputan Simfoni Sdn Bhd v. Pembangunan Orkid Desa Sdn Bhd
(Hasan Lah, Ramly Ali, Azahar Mohamed, Balia Yusof Wahi, Prasad Sandosham Abraham FCJJ) [2019] 1 CLJ 183 [FC]

Sale and purchase agreement - Estate land - Conditional agreement to sell estate land - Sale subject to obtaining approval of Estate Land Board - Intention of Parliament - Whether to prevent fragmentation of estate land - Whether failure to obtain prior approval from Land Board before entering into agreement contravened s. 214A(1) of National Land Code - Whether agreement null and void - Whether approval of Land Board to be obtained before registration of title - Whether Form 14D to be jointly submitted - Whether existence of intended purchaser pre-requisite for application for approval of Land Board - National Land Code, s. 214A(1), (2) & 214A(10A)(a)
Gula Perak Bhd v. Datuk Lim Sue Beng & Other Appeals
(Zulkefli Ahmad Makinudin PCA, Ramly Ali, Azahar Mohamed, Balia Yusof Wahi, Alizatul Khair Osman FCJJ) [2019] 1 CLJ 153 [FC]

Transfer - Validity - Transfer of land - Subsequent bona fide purchaser for value - Relevant time for determination of good faith of subsequent purchaser - Whether at time of entering into transaction or at time of registration by land officer - Principle of good faith for purpose of s. 340(3) of National Land Code - Whether general common law principle of good faith or some other specific principle of good faith - Test for determining good faith - Whether must show absence of fraud, deceit or dishonesty - Whether added imposition of taking ordinary precautions and investigations of reasonable prudent purchaser - Whether mere knowledge of adverse claim vitiates good faith of subsequent purchaser
Liputan Simfoni Sdn Bhd v. Pembangunan Orkid Desa Sdn Bhd
(Hasan Lah, Ramly Ali, Azahar Mohamed, Balia Yusof Wahi, Prasad Sandosham Abraham FCJJ) [2019] 1 CLJ 183 [FC]

TRUSTS

Equity and trusts - Representation - First defendant verbally allowed and consented for plaintiff to stay on property until end of her life - Plaintiff incurred costs to build house on property - Second defendant subsequently evicted plaintiff from property - Whether there was breach of oral agreement - Whether there was breach of fiduciary duty, duty of constructive trust and fraudulent trust - Whether reliance of plaintiff on representation, promise and guarantee made by first defendant within knowledge of second defendant - Whether judgment could be entered against second defendant who allegedly made representation, undertaking and oral guarantee when he was only 11 years of age - Whether there arose equity or proprietary estoppel for plaintiff to have equitable rights on property - Whether defendants estopped from going against representation, promise and guarantee orally made to plaintiff - Whether plaintiff entitled to compensation
Paramjothi Perumal & Anor v. Letchimy Samboo
(Zalita Zaidan JC) [2019] 1 CLJ 293 [HC]

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LNS Article(s)

1. AL-AZHAR STANDS FOR MODERATION IN ISLAMIC THOUGHT* ^{[Read excerpt]}
   by MOHAMMAD HASHIM KAMALI [2019] 1 LNS(A) i

[2019] 1 LNS(A) i



MALAYSIA

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AL-AZHAR STANDS FOR MODERATION IN ISLAMIC THOUGHT*

by
MOHAMMAD HASHIM KAMALI

With Egypt’s 2011 (now defunct) revolution that brought Morsi to power, al-Azhar asserted its influence with renewed vigour. The Sheikh of al- Azhar, Ahmad al-Tayyib, called the purists as “modern day Kharijites,” a reference to a group that was responsible for much bloodshed in the early years of Islam. He also severely criticised the attacks in March and April 2011 against shrines, blamed on purist “Salafi” elements.

Al-Azhar went further in taking a modernist position in the debate on Islam and State in Egypt. Al-Azhar’s top leaders participated in the drafting of a document entitled Wathiqat al-Azhar Hawla Mustaqbal Misr (al-Azhar’s Document about the Future of Egypt - June 20, 2011) - that was drafted by a mixed group of Egyptian intellectuals, philosophers, lawyers, and artists as well as Azharite scholars. The document called for middle-of-the-road Islamic thought (al-fikr al-Islami al-wasati).

. . .

* Published with kind permission of the International Institute of Advanced Islamic Studies (IAIS) Malaysia. (www.iais.org.my).

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2. RECOVERY BY THIRD PARTY AGAINST THE INSURER IN MOTOR ACCIDENT CASES - BY RECOVERY PROCEEDINGS OR EXECUTION? ^{[Read excerpt]}
   by SANTHANA DASS* [2019] 1 LNS(A) iii

[2019] 1 LNS(A) iii



MALAYSIA

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RECOVERY BY THIRD PARTY AGAINST THE INSURER IN MOTOR ACCIDENT CASES - BY RECOVERY PROCEEDINGS OR EXECUTION?

by
SANTHANA DASS*

It is a fundamental principle of contract law that except for some special circumstances, a person who is not a party to a contract has no right to sue or be sued on the contract. The doctrine of privity of contract affects contracts which confer benefits to strangers or impose liabilities on them. Where A promises to do something for B and in return B promises to confer some benefit on C, C cannot enforce such a contract against B.^[1] A contract between A and B cannot impose a liability upon C and C is not bound by such liability. Neither A or B can enforce such liability against C.^[2] Simply put, this doctrine means that only the original party to a contract may sue or be sued upon it. In other words, it is the original party that may enforce or be bound by the terms of the contract. While the doctrine of privity of contract denies the third party of any right, it also prevents the third party from being liable under the contract to which the third party is not a party.

. . .

*Advocate & solicitor

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3. A LEGAL DISCOURSE ON THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS ^{[Read excerpt]}
   by Abiola Adimula* Oluwabunmi Lucy Niyi-Gafar** [2019] 1 LNS(A) ii

[2019] 1 LNS(A) ii



NIGERIA

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A LEGAL DISCOURSE ON THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS

by
Abiola Adimula*
Oluwabunmi Lucy Niyi-Gafar**

ABSTRACT

International instruments protect the rights of women as vulnerable members of the society; so do national laws of various countries. However protected, women have been found to violate the fundamental human rights of other people such as men, children, and fellow women. From an analytical approach, this article discusses the role of women in the violation of the fundamental human rights of their fellow humans. The authors argue that for women to be protected under an international instrument it behooves on them the duty to promote the human rights of every other human being, and in particular, their fellow women and not play stringent roles in violating same. Anchored on core human rights as enumerated in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, we highlight the role of women in the violation of people's fundamental human rights and make suggestions on how same can be tackled in the society considering that (women) human rights abuses occur globally.

. . .

* Centre for Peace and Strategic Studies, University of Ilorin. adimulabiola@gmail.com

** Faculty of Law, University of Ilorin. ol.niyigafar@gmail.com

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