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Issue #8/2019 21 February 2019

New This Week Case(s) of the Week CHRISTIN NIRMAL v. PP [2019] 2 CLJ 471 Appeal Update Appeal Update Latest Cases Legal Network Series CLJ 2019 Volume 2 (Part 4) Articles LNS Article(s) CLJ Article(s) Legislation Highlights Principal Acts Amending Acts PU(A) PU(B) Legislation Alert

CHRISTIN NIRMAL v. PP [2019] 2 CLJ 471
COURT OF APPEAL, PUTRAJAYA
MOHTARUDIN BAKI JCA, SURAYA OTHMAN JCA, YEOH WEE SIAM JCA
[CRIMINAL APPEAL NO: B-05-161-04-2017 (FJI)]
12 JULY 2018

CIVIL PROCEDURE: Courts – Jurisdiction – Jurisdiction of High Court – Accused person charged under s. 39B(1)(a) of Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 ('DDA') for trafficking in dangerous drugs – Offence punishable by mandatory death upon conviction – Accused person sought High Court to refer constitutional questions to Federal Court – Whether mandatory death sentence provided for by s. 39B of DDA inconsistent with arts. 5 and 8 of Federal Constitution – Whether s. 39B of DDA arbitrary, disproportionate and fails to take into account individual mitigating circumstances – Whether imperative for High Court to refer purported constitutional questions to Federal Court for decision – Whether High Court seized with jurisdiction to dismiss accused person's application – Courts of Judicature Act 1964, s. 84

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: Fundamental liberties – Breach of – Constitutionality of provision – Accused person charged under s. 39B(1)(a) of Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 ('DDA') for trafficking in dangerous drugs – Offence punishable by mandatory death upon conviction – Whether mandatory death provided for by s. 39B of DDA inconsistent with arts. 5 and 8 of Federal Constitution – Whether s. 39B of DDA arbitrary, disproportionate and fails to take into account individual mitigating circumstances – Whether s. 39B(1)(a) of DDA valid – Courts of Judicature Act 1964, s. 84

CRIMINAL LAW: Offences – Trafficking in dangerous drugs – Accused person charged under s. 39B(1)(a) of Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 ('DDA') for trafficking in dangerous drugs – Offence punishable by mandatory death upon conviction – Whether mandatory death sentence provided for by s. 39B of DDA inconsistent with arts. 5 and 8 of Federal Constitution – Whether s. 39B(1)(a) of DDA valid

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1. Wong Kian Wah v. Ng Kien Boon [2018] 1 LNS 1013 (CA) overruling the High Court case of Wong Kian Wah v. Ng Kien Boon [Saman No.: WA-22NCVC-335-06/2016]

2. PP lwn Hasnee Shahadan & Yang Lain [2018] 1 LNS 629 (CA) mengesahkan kes Mahkamah Tinggi PP lwn Hasnee Shahadan & Yang Lain [Perbicaraan Jenayah No.: 45A -05-08/2015]

Legal Network Series

[2017] 1 LNS 2141	HENRY DEVARAJAH ANTHONY JAMES v. PETROZCHEM OILFIELD SERVICES SDN BHD CIVIL PROCEDURE: Appeal - Appellate interference - Findings of trial judge - Trial judge relied on ID documents when arriving at findings - Whether trial judge's reliance on ID documents was wholly misplaced - Whether acceptance of oral testimony in relation to ID documents was misconceived - Whether resulted in failure of proper judicial appreciation of totality of evidence EVIDENCE: Documentary evidence - Admissibility of - ID documents - Whether ID documents must be disregarded - Whether any oral testimony referring to ID documents must be disregarded - Whether trial judge could convert ID document as exhibit - Whether trial judge must state reason and justification for converting ID document to exhibit  For the appellant - Ramdas Tikamdas & Mabel James; M/s Mabel & Associates  For the respondent - Tarrina Hussein; M/s Chua Associates
[2018] 1 LNS 109	TEH CHIN HENG v. TAN CHOON HOE ROAD TRAFFIC: Negligence - Road accident - Contributory negligent - Plaintiff's motorcycle was rear-ended by defendant's motorcycle - Whether plaintiff could be held contributorily negligent - Whether a motorcyclist should keep a constant watch on his side view mirror when he is travelling ahead - Whether a motorist should be bound to account for all actions of other motorists - Whether defendant should be held liable 100% DAMAGES: Appeal - Special damages - Global award - Assessment of award for injuries that occurred at same part of anatomy - Whether global award for injuries that occurred at same part of anatomy was justified  For the appellant - Baljit Singh; M/s Baljit Singh & Co  For the respondent - Kevin Anthony; M/s Ajmer Sandhu & Ong
[2017] 1 LNS 1873	YAP KIAN HANN & ANOR v. LOW KAM POH & ANOR AGENCY: Authority of agent - Power of Attorney - Construction of power of attorney - Whether power of attorney amounted to sale and purchase agreement - Whether donee acquired legal/ equitable interest in land - Intention of donor - Whether intention of parties unequivocally, unambiguously and explicitly clear - Whether power of attorney was ordinary power of attorney LAND LAW: Power of attorney - Whether power of attorney amounted to sale and purchase agreement - Whether donee acquired legal/ equitable interest in land - Whether power of attorney recognised by law as capable of transferring legal or equitable interest in land - National Land Code 1965 - Land Rules 1929, r. 36  For the plaintiffs - HY Liew & TS Goh; M/s Tee Liew & Co  For the defendants - Ng Li Kian & KP Low; M/s KP Low & Co
[2018] 1 LNS 300	MOHD FHARIZAL OTHMAN lwn. LEMBAGA PENCEGAHAN JENAYAH & YANG LAIN UNDANG-UNDANG PENTADBIRAN: Semakan kehakiman - Pembatalan - Perintah pengawasan polis - Kelewatan pegawai inkuiri mengadakan inkuiri - Kelewatan selama 21 hari - Sama ada terdapat ketidakpatuhan ss. 6 dan 10 Akta Pencegahan Jenayah 1959 - Sama ada kelewatan 21 hari untuk menjalankan inkuiri boleh diterima  Bagi pihak pemohon - Ahmad Najib Zakaria; T/n Najib Zakaria, Hisham & Co  Bagi pihak responden - Siti Hajar, Peguam Persekutuan
[2018] 1 LNS 320	GOH LENG HIONG lwn. TIMBALAN MENTERI DALAM NEGERI MALAYSIA & YANG LAIN PENAHANAN PENCEGAHAN: Perintah sekatan - Permohonan untuk habeas corpus - Sekatan di bawah s. 6(3) Akta Dadah Berbahaya (Langkah-Langkah Pencegahan Khas) 1985 ('Akta 1985') - Keraguan pernyataan percakapan dalam pemeriksaan pemohon yang dihantar kepada menteri - Salinan sah percakapan dalam pemeriksaan pemohon tidak dikemukakan di mahkamah - Sama ada terdapat perlanggaran peruntukan ss. 4(1) dan 4(5) Akta 1985 - Sama ada prosedur untuk menurunkan tanda tangan dan merakamkan nama dan kad pengenalan pemohon adalah satu prosedur mandatori - Sama ada terdapat ketidakpatuhan prosedur - Sama ada permohonan untuk habeas corpus wajar dibenarkan  Bagi pihak pemohon - Subramanian Nair; T/n Maniam Nair & Co  Bagi pihak responden - Siti Hajar; Peguam Persekutuan; Pejabat Penasihat Undang-Undang

 

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CLJ 2019 Volume 2 (Part 4)

COURT OF APPEAL

Brightvite Sdn Bhd v. Pantai Towers Management Corporation & Another Appeal
Hamid Sultan Abu Backer, Nallini Pathmanathan, Badariah Sahamid JJCA
(Land Law - Strata title - Payment - Management fees) [2019] 2 CLJ 439 [CA]

 For the appellant - Cecil Abraham, Malcolm Fenandez, Rishwant Singh & Mark Cheng; M/s C Sukumaran & Co
 For the respondent - Cyrus Das, Peter Sklechy, Claudia Nah, T Naraendran & K Kamales; M/s Cheah Teh & Su 

CAS v. MPPL & Anor
Abang Iskandar, Umi Kalthum Abdul Majid, Nallini Pathmanathan JJCA
(Evidence; Family Law; Civil Procedure - Children - Paternity - Determination of biological father of child) [2019] 2 CLJ 454 [CA]

 For the appellant - Honey Tan Lay Ean; M/s Tan Law Practice
 For the respondents - YN Foo & Kiran Dhaliwall; M/s YN Foo & Partners 

Christin Nirmal v. PP
Mohtarudin Baki, Suraya Othman, Yeoh Wee Siam JJCA
(Civil Procedure; Constitutional Law; Criminal Law - Fundamental liberties - Breach of - Constitutionality of provision) [2019] 2 CLJ 471 [CA]

 For the appellant - Gopal Sri Ram, Chih Yan Leng & Damien Chan; M/s Rashid Zulkifli
 For the prosecution - Awang Armadajaya Awang Mahmud, Nurulhuda Nur'Aini Mohd Nor & Nurshafini Mustafha; DPPs 

HIGH COURT

Chan Tsu Chong & Yang Lain lwn. Dato' Sri Hj Mohammad Najib Tun Hj Abdul Razak & Satu Lagi
Siti Khadijah S Hassan Badjenid H
(Undang-Undang Pentadbiran; Undang-Undang Perlembagaan - Pilihan Raya - Semakan bahagian-bahagian pilihan raya oleh Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya) [2019] 2 CLJ 487 [HC]

Mohamad S Ahmad & Ors v. Lembaga Pengelola Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka
Wong Kian Kheong J
(Contract; Civil Procedure; Intellectual Property - Infringement - Copyright and patent - Agreement to publish, print and distribute books) [2019] 2 CLJ 500 [HC]

 For the plaintiffs - Mokhzani Haris Mohd Yusof & Mohd Najib Abas; M/s Amirul & Najib
 For the defendant - Md Radzi Mustafa & Syed Zakaria Syed Zainal Abidin; M/s Radzi & Abdullah 

Siti Aisyah v. PP
Azmi Ariffin J
(Criminal Procedure - Disclosure of information - Documents - Application for order to produce statements recorded under s. 112 of Criminal Procedure Code ('CPC')) [2019] 2 CLJ 515 [HC]

 For the prosecution - Muhamad Iskandar Ahmad; DPP
 For the applicant - Gooi Soon Seng; M/s Gooi & Azura 

Sri Ganeson Angamuthu v. Anglo-Eastern Plantations (M) Sdn Bhd & Anor
Su Geok Yiam J
(Administrative Law; Labour Law - Industrial Court - Award - Application to quash award of Industrial Court ('IC')) [2019] 2 CLJ 525 [HC]

 For the applicant - VK Raj & Gerald John Pereira; M/s G Pereira & Assocs
 For the 1st respondent - Teh Hong Jet; M/s Tan Kim Siong & Teh Hong Jet 

SUBJECT INDEX

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Judicial review - Certiorari - Application to quash award of Industrial Court ('IC') - Ministerial reference under s. 26(2) of Industrial Relations Act 1967 ('IRA') - Whether reference arose out of trade dispute between Union and company - Whether IC adjudicated Ministerial reference as reference under s. 20(3) of IRA - Whether IC committed jurisdictional error in treating case as wrongful dismissal simpliciter - Whether IC misapplied principles of law
Sri Ganeson Angamuthu v. Anglo-Eastern Plantations (M) Sdn Bhd & Anor
(Su Geok Yiam J) [2019] 2 CLJ 525 [HC]

CIVIL PROCEDURE

Courts - Jurisdiction - Jurisdiction of High Court - Accused person charged under s. 39B(1)(a) of Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 ('DDA') for trafficking in dangerous drugs - Offence punishable by mandatory death upon conviction - Accused person sought High Court to refer constitutional questions to Federal Court - Whether mandatory death sentence provided for by s. 39B of DDA inconsistent with arts. 5 and 8 of Federal Constitution - Whether s. 39B of DDA arbitrary, disproportionate and fails to take into account individual mitigating circumstances - Whether imperative for High Court to refer purported constitutional questions to Federal Court for decision - Whether High Court seized with jurisdiction to dismiss accused person's application - Courts of Judicature Act 1964, s. 84
Christin Nirmal v. PP
(Mohtarudin Baki, Suraya Othman, Yeoh Wee Siam JJCA) [2019] 2 CLJ 471 [CA]

Disposal on point of law - Paternity - Determination of biological father of child - Third party to marriage claimed to have had affair with wife - Third party sought DNA test to be carried out to determine biological father of child - Whether third party caught by s. 112 of Evidence Act 1950 - Whether fact of marriage conclusive fact of legitimacy and paternity of child - Whether there were crucial matters to be ventilated by parties - Rules of Court 2012, O. 14A
CAS v. MPPL & Anor
(Abang Iskandar, Umi Kalthum Abdul Majid, Nallini Pathmanathan JJCA) [2019] 2 CLJ 454 [CA]

Statement of claim - Amendment - Pleadings - Whether amended statement of claim pleaded cause of action - Whether enabled defendant to make adequate preparation to defend suit - Whether proposed cause of action arose out of same facts as cause of action in respect of which relief has already been claimed - Whether parties could rely on unpleaded causes of action - Rules of Court 2012, O. 18 rr. 7(1) & 12(1), O. 18, O. 34 r. 2(2)(k) & O. 20 r. 5
Mohamad S Ahmad & Ors v. Lembaga Pengelola Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka
(Wong Kian Kheong J) [2019] 2 CLJ 500 [HC]

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

Fundamental liberties - Breach of - Constitutionality of provision - Accused person charged under s. 39B(1)(a) of Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 ('DDA') for trafficking in dangerous drugs - Offence punishable by mandatory death upon conviction - Whether mandatory death provided for by s. 39B of DDA inconsistent with arts. 5 and 8 of Federal Constitution - Whether s. 39B of DDA arbitrary, disproportionate and fails to take into account individual mitigating circumstances - Whether s. 39B(1)(a) of DDA valid - Courts of Judicature Act 1964, s. 84
Christin Nirmal v. PP
(Mohtarudin Baki, Suraya Othman, Yeoh Wee Siam JJCA) [2019] 2 CLJ 471 [CA]

CONTRACT

Agreement - Breach - Agreement to publish, print and distribute books - Party to contract issued open tender, inviting book suppliers to bid for contract to print, bind and supply books - Whether open tender in contradiction of contract - Whether there was breach of contract
Mohamad S Ahmad & Ors v. Lembaga Pengelola Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka
(Wong Kian Kheong J) [2019] 2 CLJ 500 [HC]

CRIMINAL LAW

Offences - Trafficking in dangerous drugs - Accused person charged under s. 39B(1)(a) of Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 ('DDA') for trafficking in dangerous drugs - Offence punishable by mandatory death upon conviction - Whether mandatory death sentence provided for by s. 39B of DDA inconsistent with arts. 5 and 8 of Federal Constitution - Whether s. 39B(1)(a) of DDA valid
Christin Nirmal v. PP
(Mohtarudin Baki, Suraya Othman, Yeoh Wee Siam JJCA) [2019] 2 CLJ 471 [CA]

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

Disclosure of information - Documents - Application for order to produce statements recorded under s. 112 of Criminal Procedure Code ('CPC') - Application under s. 51 of CPC - Whether prosecution under duty to disclose all relevant documents to defence - Whether 'document' in s. 51 of CPC included statement recorded under s. 112 - Whether object of s. 51 is for a limited access - Whether discretion of court confined to production of documents which are necessary or desirable for trial - Whether police statements absolutely privileged documents - Whether applicant would still have fair trial if application dismissed
Siti Aisyah v. PP
(Azmi Ariffin J) [2019] 2 CLJ 515 [HC]

EVIDENCE

Proof - Paternity - Determination of biological father of child - Third party to marriage claimed to have had affair with wife - Third party sought DNA test to be carried out to determine biological father of child - Whether fact of marriage conclusive fact of legitimacy and paternity of child - Difference between 'paternity' and 'legitimacy' - Whether there are provisions of law that statutorily bars paternity tests - Evidence Act 1950, s. 112
CAS v. MPPL & Anor
(Abang Iskandar, Umi Kalthum Abdul Majid, Nallini Pathmanathan JJCA) [2019] 2 CLJ 454 [CA]

FAMILY LAW

Children - Paternity - Determination of biological father of child - Third party to marriage claimed to have had affair with wife - Third party sought DNA test to be carried out to determine biological father of child - Whether fact of marriage conclusive fact of legitimacy and paternity - Difference between 'paternity' and 'legitimacy' - Whether it was in best interest of child to know her biological parents - Whether legitimacy preceded child knowing truth of paternity - Whether there are provisions of law that statutorily bars paternity tests
CAS v. MPPL & Anor
(Abang Iskandar, Umi Kalthum Abdul Majid, Nallini Pathmanathan JJCA) [2019] 2 CLJ 454 [CA]

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Infringement - Copyright and patent - Agreement to publish, print and distribute books - Copyright and patent of books and colour code in books - Whether there was evidence of granting of patents or copyright of colour code - Whether patent recorded in Register of Patents - Whether patent in colour code could be conferred to claimant or any other persons - Whether claimant had rights in colour code - Copyright Act 1987, ss. 3(a), 6 & 7(3)(b) - Patents Act 1983, s. 31(2)(a) and (b)
Mohamad S Ahmad & Ors v. Lembaga Pengelola Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka
(Wong Kian Kheong J) [2019] 2 CLJ 500 [HC]

LABOUR LAW

Employment - Employee - Employee found guilty of charges of misconduct - Punishment of demotion and reduction in salary - Whether punishment of demotion provided for in contract of employment - Whether employer could rely on statutory power under s. 14 of Employment Act 1955 for downgrading of employee - Whether demotion and reduction in salary amounted to double punishment - Whether constituted unfair labour practice
Sri Ganeson Angamuthu v. Anglo-Eastern Plantations (M) Sdn Bhd & Anor
(Su Geok Yiam J) [2019] 2 CLJ 525 [HC]

Industrial Court - Award - Application to quash award of Industrial Court ('IC') - Ministerial reference under s. 26(2) of Industrial Relations Act 1967 ('IRA') - Whether reference arose out of trade dispute between Union and company - Whether IC adjudicated Ministerial reference as reference under s. 20(3) of IRA - Whether IC committed jurisdictional error in treating case as wrongful dismissal simpliciter - Whether IC misapplied principles of law
Sri Ganeson Angamuthu v. Anglo-Eastern Plantations (M) Sdn Bhd & Anor
(Su Geok Yiam J) [2019] 2 CLJ 525 [HC]

LAND LAW

Strata title - Payment - Management fees - Claim for management fees due and owing by original owner from subsequent purchasers - Whether purchasers liable for management fees levied and unpaid after acquisition of units - Whether purchasers obtained certificate certifying specific sum due and owing and recoverable from management corporation - Whether Strata Titles Act 1985 provided for debt to be divisible between proprietor and successor-in-title - Whether debt in respect of management fees recoverable either from proprietor or its successor-in-title - Strata Titles Act 1985, s. 45(3), (4), (5) & (6)
Brightvite Sdn Bhd v. Pantai Towers Management Corporation & Another Appeal
(Hamid Sultan Abu Backer, Nallini Pathmanathan, Badariah Sahamid JJCA) [2019] 2 CLJ 439 [CA]

INDEKS PERKARA

UNDANG-UNDANG PENTADBIRAN

Semakan kehakiman - Permohonan - Sama ada wujud pertikaian yang boleh diputuskan di peringkat perbicaraan substantif - Sama ada permohonan remeh atau disengajakan untuk menyusahkan - Kaedah-kaedah Mahkamah 2012, A. 53(3)
Chan Tsu Chong & Yang Lain lwn. Dato' Sri Hj Mohammad Najib Tun Hj Abdul Razak & Satu Lagi
(Siti Khadijah S Hassan Badjenid H) [2019] 2 CLJ 487 [HC]

UNDANG-UNDANG PERLEMBAGAAN

Pilihan Raya - Semakan bahagian-bahagian pilihan raya oleh Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya - Permohonan penggantungan Perintah Perlembagaan Persekutuan (Persempadanan Bahagian-bahagian Pilihan Raya) (Negeri-negeri Tanah Melayu) 2018 dan laporan terakhir persempadanan oleh Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya - Sama ada melanggar Perlembagaan Persekutuan - Sama ada mendapat kelulusan di Dewan Rakyat - Sama ada perintah telah dikuatkuasakan - Sama ada mahkamah wajar membenarkan permohonan penggantungan wajar dibenarkan - Perlembagaan Persekutuan, per. 113(2), Jadual Ketiga Belas, ss. 2(c), (d) 7 & 10
Chan Tsu Chong & Yang Lain lwn. Dato' Sri Hj Mohammad Najib Tun Hj Abdul Razak & Satu Lagi
(Siti Khadijah S Hassan Badjenid H) [2019] 2 CLJ 487 [HC]

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LNS Article(s)

1. DISCRETION OF THE MINISTER: TO EXERCISE OR OTHERWISE* ^{[Read excerpt]}
   by BENEDICT NGOH TI YANG [2019] 1 LNS(A) xvi

[2019] 1 LNS(A) xvi



MALAYSIA

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DISCRETION OF THE MINISTER: TO EXERCISE OR OTHERWISE*

by
BENEDICT NGOH TI YANG

IN THIS ARTICLE, BENEDICT NGOH TI YANG EXAMINES THE POWERS OF AUTOMATIC REFERRALS OF THE MINISTER OF HUMAN RESOURCES UNDER SECTION 20 OF THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT 1967.

Introduction

A workman^[1] who is dismissed may seek recourse at the Industrial Court against the employer. The power to refer the workman’s claim to the Industrial Court lies with the Minister of Human Resources of Malaysia (“Minister”). Recently, the newly appointed Minister had announced that all unfair dismissal claims brought before him shall automatically be referred to the Industrial Court.^[2]

. . .

* Published with kind permission of M/s Shearn Delamore & Co.

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2. DISPOSITION TO MINIMUM WAGE COMPLIANCE(CASE STUDY OF SARAWAK'S SME IN SERVICE SECTOR) ^{[Read excerpt]}
   by Jeffry Douglas ak William Nagun^[i] Dzulzalani Eden^[ii] Wong Swee Kiong^[iii] Dayang Asmah Awang Hamdan^[iv] Abdul Jabbar Abdullah^[v] [2019] 1 LNS(A) xxiv

[2019] 1 LNS(A) xxiv



MALAYSIA

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DISPOSITION TO MINIMUM WAGE COMPLIANCE
(CASE STUDY OF SARAWAK'S SME IN SERVICE SECTOR)

by
Jeffry Douglas ak William Nagun^[i]
Dzulzalani Eden^[ii]
Wong Swee Kiong^[iii]
Dayang Asmah Awang Hamdan^[iv]
Abdul Jabbar Abdullah^[v]

This paper examines the challenges and disposition amongst SME services sector in Sarawak pertaining to minimum wage compliance. Although the minimum wage policy was designed to increase labour productivity, but the impact on business and financial structure seems to have negative implication to the employment structure over the long term. Our findings via thematic analysis indicated that the industry generally have a negative disposition toward the minimum wage policy.

. . .

[i] Senior Assistant Director, Labour Department of Sarawak.

[ii] Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak.

[iii] Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak.

[iv] Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak.

[v] Faculty of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak.

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3. WHAT IS SELECTION (TAKHAYYUR) IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE* ^{[Read excerpt]}
   by MUHAMMAD HASHIM KAMALI [2019] 1 LNS(A) xxv

[2019] 1 LNS(A) xxv



MALAYSIA

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WHAT IS SELECTION (TAKHAYYUR) IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE*

by
MUHAMMAD HASHIM KAMALI

There is much support in the Qur'an and hadith for facilitation and ease (takhfif wa taysir) in the practice of religion, which also encourages the jurist and mufti to avoid opting for difficult fatwas when easier options may be available to them. Muslim jurists have translated this into certain juristic formulas that regulate how the easier options should not be utilised so as to cause distortion and abuse.

. . .

* Published with kind permission of the International Institute of Advanced Islamic Studies (IAIS) Malaysia. (www.iais.org.my).

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4. LEGAL PROTECTION OF MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS IN NIGERIA:A MYTH OR A REALITY ^{[Read excerpt]}
   by O. Y. Abdul-Hamid^[i] Jade Mohammed (Mrs)^[ii] D. A. Ariyoosu^[iii] [2019] 1 LNS(A) xiii

[2019] 1 LNS(A) xiii



NIGERIA

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LEGAL PROTECTION OF MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS IN NIGERIA:
A MYTH OR A REALITY

by
O. Y. Abdul-Hamid^[i]
Jade Mohammed (Mrs)^[ii]
D. A. Ariyoosu^[iii]

ABSTRACT

The chequered legal position is that once a company is incorporated, it becomes an artificial person in law, capable of suing and being sued in its corporate name. The corollary of this is that if a company is wronged, it is only the company, and the company alone, that can challenge or remedy the wrong. However, this position is not without exceptions, one of which is that an individual minority shareholder may challenge the wrong done to the company, especially in matters of fraud committed by the majority shareholders or the company's directors. This paper therefore examines the issue whether minority shareholders are really protected under the law. The methodology employed is doctrinal, with the use of both primary and secondary sources of law such as the provisions of the Companies and Allied Matters Act, the relevant case law and text books.

. . .

[i] Ph.D., Assoc. Prof. of Law, Head, Business Law Department, Faculty of Law, Member of Senate University of Ilorin. Formerly Sub-Dean, Faculty of Law, University of Ilorin, Member Business Committee of Senate, (BCOS), Research Fellow and Legal Adviser National Institute for Legislative Studies (NILS) NASS Abuja, Nigeria. Corresponding email and phone num: nigeriaabdul@yahoo.co.uk, obaabdul@gmail.com. +2348033824867

[ii] LL.B BL., LLM, OAU, Chief Lecturer in Law, Federal Polytechnic Ede, Osun State Nigeria. Email: mojade2002@yahoo.com Phone: 08072673677

[iii] LL.B, LL.M, Ph.D., BL, PGDE, ACTI, ACIArb, AILEX, ACILR, Notary Public, Lecturer, Department of Business Law, Faculty of Law, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. Email: ariyoosu4law@gmail.com, Phone:08066497298

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CLJ Article(s)

1. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, TECHNOLOGIES AND THE FUTURE OF LAW SCHOOLS ^{[Read excerpt]}
   by ASSOC. PROF. DR MOHAMMAD TAHIR SABIT HJ MOHAMMAD, PROF. DATO' SRI DR ASHGAR ALI ALI MOHAMAD & DR SODIQ OMOOLA* [2019] 2 CLJ(A) i

[2019] 2 CLJ(A) i



MALAYSIA

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, TECHNOLOGIES AND THE FUTURE OF LAW SCHOOLS

by
ASSOC. PROF. DR MOHAMMAD TAHIR SABIT HJ MOHAMMAD
PROF. DATO' SRI DR ASHGAR ALI ALI MOHAMAD & DR SODIQ OMOOLA*

Abstract

This paper looks at the use and utility of artificial intelligence (AI) in the area of legal profession globally and in Malaysia. The objective of the article was to highlight the types of AIs and their capabilities, and the effect of such technologies on the effectiveness and efficiency of legal service, as well as the threat that they may present to millions of graduates of law in the workplace. The research was conducted in the form of an integrated literature review by analysing and synthesising various ideas and opinions relating to the primary objective of the paper. It is found that the threat of technology is very minimal and it may affect those in lower ranks who see no need for upgrading their skills. Overall, it is found that AIs improve work efficiency and save costs, on top of fast and cheap delivery of legal services. The paper suggests that Malaysian legal services and education curriculum embrace the technology, and prepare their graduates in skills needed in high tech environments.

. . .

* Department of Civil Law, Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws, International Islamic University Malaysia

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